` 999 @@@ @@@@  +pu9p9 EN DB 9     & .7/ r_  j [Q G5 + Asberg197915 Bailey197111 Ballenger1999 Bandura1961  Barraclough1974  Beadsmoore1993& Beck1961# Berndt19931 Berndt1999 Bhat1993e. Biggs19789 Birley1968 Birley1973 Broca18619 Brown1968 Brown19738 Brown1973 Bunch19745 Burns1971  Burns1993 Cade1949 Capgras1923 Carlsmith19596 Collins19895 Coppen1971 Courbon1927 Crow19761Davidson19999 Delay1952 Deniker1952$Department of Health19996Docherty1989 Dodson19083 Edwards19766 Elkin1989 Ellam19810Endicott1978& Erbaugh19616 et al.19898 Fail19279 Festinger1959# Finkelstein19931 Finkelstein1999/Fiszbein1987'Folstein1975'Folstein1975( Frank1991 Frith19761 Fyer19995 Gardner19716 Glass1989- Gorham19622# Greenberg19931 Greenberg19993 Gross1976% Gunn19999)Hamilton1959*Hamilton19605 Hare19711 Harl19529 Harlow1848 Harlow1958 Harris19738 Harris1973 Hollender1960  Honigfeld1988 Husband19766 Imber1989 James1884( Jarrett1991 Johnstone1976  Kane1988/ Kay1987( Keller199111 Kessler19992 Kline1958 Koffka1922 Kreel1976 Kuhn1958( Kupfer19911( Lavori199116 Leber19897 Leff1971 Leff197675 Maggs1971 Maslow1943 Mathers1993' McHugh19757  Meadow1977 Meltzer1988& Mendelson1961. Meyer1978& Mock1961+ Montgomery1979,)#National Institute of Mental Health1970 Nelson19745 Noguera1971 Oliver19931/ Opler1987- Overall1962 Parkes1970 Parkinson1817  Pavlov19278 Peto197376Pilkonis1989 Pippard1981( Prien1991Reboul-Lachaux1923! Rogers1946 Ross19619 Ross19619( Rush199194 Russell1979  Sainsbury1974" Sartorius19936 Shea19899 Singer198891Sisitsky19999 Sklair19736 Sotsky198990 Spitzer1978 Stein1980# Stiglin1993 Stroop19355 Swani1971 Szasz1960% Taylor1999 Test19800" Thornicroft1993 Vaughn1976& Ward19616 Watkins1989(Weissman19917 Wing1971 Yerkes1908. Young1978. Ziegler1978  AuthorsJournals "Keywords                                   Asberg, M. Bailey, J.Ballenger, J. C.Bandura, AlbertBarraclough, B.Beadsmoore, A. Beck, A.T. Berndt, E. R. Bhat, A. V. Biggs, J. T. Birley, J. L. Bonato, R. R. Bradley, C. Broca, Paul Brown, G. W. Bunch, J. Burns, B. H. Burns, T.Cade, J. F. J.Capgras, J. M. J.Carlsmith, James M. Chase, ChevyCollins, J. F. Coppen, A. Courbon, P Crow, T. J.Davidson, J. R. Delay, J. Deniker, P.Department of HealthDocherty, J. P.Dodson, John D. Edwards, G. Elkin, I. Ellam, L. Endicott, J. Erbaugh, J. et al. Fail, G.Festinger, LeonFinkelstein, S. N. Fiszbein, A.Folstein, M. F.Folstein, S. E. Frank, E. Frith, C. D. Fyer, A. J. Gardner, R. Glass, D. R. Gorham, D. R.Greenberg, P. E. Gross, M. M. Gunn, J Guy, W. Hamilton, M. Hare, E. H. Harl, J. M.Harlow, Harry F Harlow, J. M. Harris, T. O.Hollender, M. H. Honigfeld, G. Husband, J. Imber, S. D. J., ParkinsonJames, WilliamJarrett, R. B.Johnstone, E. C. Kane, J. Kay, S.R. Keller, M. B.Kessler, R. C. Kline, N.S. Koffka, Kurt Kreel, L. Kuhn, R. Kupfer, D. J. Lavori, P. W. Leber, W. R. Leff, J. Leff, J. P. Maggs, R. Marx, A. J.Maslow, Abraham H. Mathers, C. McHugh, P. R. Meadow, R. Meltzer, H. Mendelson, M. Meyer, D. A. Mock, J.Montgomery, S. A.(#National Institute of Mental Health Nelson, B. Noguera, R. Oliver, A. Opler, L.A.Overall, J. E. Parkes, C. M. Parkinson, J.Pavlov, Ivan P. Peto, J.Pilkonis, P. A. Pippard, J. Prien, R. F.Reboul-Lachaux, JeanRogers, Carl R.Ross, DorotheaRoss, Sheila A. Rush, A. J. Russell, G. Sainsbury, P. Sartorius, N. Shea, M. T. Singer, J. Sisitsky, T. Sklair, F. Sotsky, S. M.Spitzer, R. L. Stein, L. I.Stiglin, L. E.Stroop, J. Ridley Swani, M. S. Szasz, T. S.Szasz, Thomas S. Taylor, PJ Test, M. A.Thornicroft, G. Vaughn, C. Ward, C. H.Watkins, J. T.Weisbrod, B. A.Weissman, M. M. Wing, J. K.Yerkes, Robert M. Young, R. C.Ziegler, V. E.  "$!AMA Archives of Internal Medicine40American Journal of Psychiatry Am J Psychiatry American Psychologist($Annals of Medical Psychology (Paris)84Archives of General Psychiatry Arch Gen Psychiatry $Archives of General Psychiatry.(#Boston Medical and Surgical Journal(%British Journal of Medical Psychology4/British Journal of Psychiatry Br J Psychiatry 41British Journal of Social and Clinical PsychologyBritish Medical JournalBritish Medical Journal.$!Bulletin de la Socit Anatomique83Bulletin de la Socit clinique de mdecine mentale,)Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology84Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology82Journal of Clinical Psychiatry J Clin Psychiatry 4/Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology("Journal of Experimental Psychology(#Journal of Health & Social Behavior($Journal of Health & Social Behavior.82Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry$Journal of Psychiatric Research Lancet Lancet. Medical Journal of AustraliaMind PsychiatryPsychological BulletinPsychological MedicinePsychological Medicine.Psychological ReportsPsychological ReviewSchizophrenia Bulletin              W,(*Cerebral Ventricles/anatomy & histology *Child Abuse *Cognition *Commitment of Mentally Ill$!*Community Mental Health Services0**Community Mental Health Services/manpower(#*Electroconvulsive Therapy/manpower *Emotions *Family *Grief*Home Care Services*Interview, Psychological*Mental Disorders*Mental Status Schedule*Mother-Child Relations*Munchausen Syndrome*Patient Care Team$!*Psychiatric Status Rating Scales<6*Research Design/standards/statistics & numerical data*Social Adjustment*Social Behavior*Social Problems*Stress, Psychological *Suicide *Terminology *World Health Organization AdolescentAdult Affect Affective Symptoms/diagnosis$Affective Symptoms/epidemiology Aftercare Age FactorsAged$Alcoholism/epidemiology/therapy Amitriptyline/therapeutic useAnesthesia, GeneralAnger Attitude of Health Personnel Bipolar Disorder/*diagnosis Bipolar Disorder/*psychology Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis CanadaChild4.Chlorpromazine/adverse effects/therapeutic useChronic DiseaseClinical Trials Clomipramine/therapeutic use0*Clozapine/adverse effects/*therapeutic use,'Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology Cognition Disorders/etiology0+Community Mental Health Services/*economicsComparative StudyComprehensive Health CareCost-Benefit Analysis(#Craniocerebral Trauma/complicationsCrimeCross-Cultural ComparisonDangerous BehaviorDeath DeceptionDementia/diagnosis Demography DepressionDepression/diagnosis(#Depression/drug therapy/*psychology$Depression/epidemiology/therapyDepression/etiology$Depressive Disorder/*diagnosis41Depressive Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology/therapyDiagnosis, Differential$Dibenzazepines/*therapeutic useDouble-Blind Method DreamsEating Disorders,'Emergency Service, Hospital/utilization Employment EnglandEpidemiologic MethodsEvaluation Studies FamilyFamily Characteristics FemaleFollow-Up Studies Great BritainGuilt Haloperidol/therapeutic use"%.Stein, L. I. Test, M. A. 1980piAlternative to mental hospital treatment. I. Conceptual model, treatment program, and clinical evaluationt$Archives of General Psychiatry374y 392-7 Apr73624256/Adult Chronic Disease *Community Mental Health Services Employment Hospitals, Psychiatric Hospitals, State Human Mental Disorders/*rehabilitation Middle Aged Models, Theoretical Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care) Personal Satisfaction Self Concept Social Adjustment Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. "A conceptual model for the development of community-based treatment programs for the chronically disabled psychiatric patient was developed, and the results of a controlled study and follow-up are reported. A community-treatment program that was based on the conceptual model was compared with conventional treatment (ie, progressive short-term hospitalization plus aftercare). The results have shown that use of the community program for 14 months greatly reduced the need to hospitalize patients and enhanced the community tenure and adjustment of the experimental patients. When the special programming was discontinued, many of the gains that were attained deteriorated, and use of the hospital rose sharply. The results suggest that community programming should be comprehensive and ongoing. 0003-990x Journal Articlejdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7362425Stroop, J. Ridleyu 193582Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions("Journal of Experimental Psychology28643-662/,%http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Stroop/(!Szasz, Thomas S. Hollender, M. H. 1960 The myth of mental illnessAmerican Psychologista15113-118m Mayr2,http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Szasz/myth.htmTaylor, PJ Gunn, J 1999@9Homicides by people with mental illness: myth and realityy$British Journal of Psychiatryr 174\1 9-14January 1, 1999Br J Psychiatryn$BACKGROUND: Tragic and high profile killings by people with mental illness have been used to suggest that the community care model for mental health services has failed. AIMS: To consider whether such homicides have become more frequent as psychiatric services have changed. METHOD: Data were extracted from Home Office-generated criminal statistics for England and Wales between 1957 and 1995 and subjected to trends analysis. RESULTS: There was little fluctuation in numbers of people with a mental illness committing criminal homicide over the 38 years studied, and a 3% annual decline in their contribution to the official statistics. CONCLUSIONS: There are many reasons for improving the resources and quality of care for people with a mental disorder, but there is no evidence that it is anything but stigmatising to claim that their living in the community is a dangerous experiment that should be reversed. There appears to be some case for specially focused improvement of services for people with a personality disorder and/or substance misuse.:3http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/abstract/174/1/9b$Thornicroft, G. Sartorius, N.i 1993The course and outcome of depression in different cultures: 10-year follow-up of the WHO Collaborative Study on the Assessment of Depressive DisordersPsychological Medicine234s1023-32d Nov 8134505TCanada Comparative Study Cross-Cultural Comparison Depressive Disorder/*diagnosis Female Follow-Up Studies Human Iran Japan Male Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Switzerland *World Health OrganizationThe World Health Organization's study on depressive disorders in different cultures began in 1972. Cohorts of depressed patients were identified in Basle, Montreal, Nagasaki, Teheran and Tokyo. The patients were assessed using standardized measures of social and clinical functioning. Ten-year follow-up data on clinical course, service contact, suicidal acts and social function outcomes were available for 439 (79%) patients. Over one-third (36%) were re-admitted at least once in the follow-up period, half of whom (18%) had very poor clinical outcome. Twenty-four per cent suffered severe social impairment for over half the follow-up period, and over one-fifth (21%) showed no full remissions. The best clinical course (one or two reasonably short episodes of depression with complete remission between episodes) was experienced twice as frequently in patients with a diagnosis of endogenous (65%) as in those diagnosed as suffering from psychogenic depression (29%). Among all patients, a fifth (22%) had at least one episode lasting for more than 1 year, and 10% had an episode lasting over 2 years during follow-up. Death by suicide occurred in 11% of patients, with a further 14% making unsuccessful suicide attempts.("94181705 0033-2917 Journal Articlejdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8134505'6/World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.Vaughn, C. Leff, J.d 1976RLThe measurement of expressed emotion in the families of psychiatric patients81British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychologyl152e 157-65 Junc 938822Child Depression *Emotions *Family Hospitalization Human *Interview, Psychological *Mental Disorders Neurotic Disorders Prognosis Schizophrenia Time Factors Verbal BehaviorIn a series of studies of the influence of family life on the course of an established schizophrenic illness, it has been shown that the level of emotion expressed by relatives shortly after a schizophrenic patient is admitted to hospital is strongly associated with symptomatic relapse during the nine months following discharge (Brown et al., 1962, 1972). This paper states the case for an abbreviated version of the primary research instrument used in these studies, the Camberwell Family Interview Schedule. In the 1972 study the single most important measure contributing to the overall expressed emotion index proved to be the number of critical remarks made about the patient by the relative when interviewed alone. An analysis of 15 tape-recorded interviews from this study showed that the majority of critical comments were produced within the first hour and there was virtually no relationship between total number of critical comments and length of interview (r = 0.08). This analysis supported the use of a shortened interview in which the areas most likely to produce any criticism were given priority in the sequence of questioning. This abbreviated version has been used successfully in a replication and extension of the 1972 study. A group of 37 schizophrenic patients is being compared with a group of 31 depressed neurotic patients. Patterns of emotional response of these patients' relatives are discussed. 0007-1293 Journal Articleijchttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=938822y(!Yerkes, Robert M. Dodson, John D.h 1908JCThe relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formationt6/Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychologyo18459-4820)http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Yerkes/Law/ ! p-,+ XMaslow, Abraham H. 1943"A theory of human motivationPsychological Review50370-396n:3http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htmn 699452h 8033 1977 Aug 13B;Munchausen syndrome by proxy. The hinterland of child abuser 343-5i.(Some patients consistently produce false stories and fabricate evidence, so causing themselves needless hospital investigations and operations. Here are described parents who, by falsification, caused their children innumerable harmful hospital procedures--a sort of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Meadow, R.,&0140-6736 Case Reports Journal Article LancetChild *Child Abuse Deception Female Hematuria/diagnosis Human Hypernatremia/chemically induced/diagnosis *Mother-Child Relations *Munchausen Syndrome Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage/adverse effects Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosishbhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=69945"Montgomery, S. A. Asberg, M. 1979@9A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to changes$British Journal of Psychiatryv 134g 382-9 Apr 444788Adolescent Adult Aged Amitriptyline/therapeutic use Clomipramine/therapeutic use Comparative Study Depression/drug therapy/*psychology England Female Human Male Maprotiline/therapeutic use Mianserin/therapeutic use Middle Age *Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Psychometrics Swedenf`The construction of a depression rating scale designed to be particularly sensitive to treatment effects is described. Ratings of 54 English and 52 Swedish patients on a 65 item comprehensive psychopathology scale were used to identify the 17 most commonly occurring symptoms in primary depressive illness in the combined sample. Ratings on these 17 items for 64 patients participating in studies of four different antidepressant drugs were used to create a depression scale consisting of the 10 items which showed the largest changes with treatment and the highest correlation to overall change. The inner-rater reliability of the new depression scale was high. Scores on the scale correlated significantly with scores on a standard rating scale for depression, the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS), indicating its validity as a general severity estimate. Its capacity to differentiate between responders and non-responders to antidepressant treatment was better than the HRS, indicating greater sensitivity to change. The practical and ethical implications in terms of smaller sample sizes in clinical trials are discussed.("79188470 0007-1250 Journal Articlejchttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=444788*$National Institute of Mental Health, 1970& CGI: Clinical Global Impressions Guy, W. Bonato, R. R.t.'Manual for the ECDEU Assessment Battery *#National Institute of Mental Health217-222z Chevy Chase2"Overall, J. E. Gorham, D. R. 1962("The Brief Psychiatric Rating ScalePsychological Reportss10799-812r52758403341 1970 NovdzsThe first year of bereavement. A longitudinal study of the reaction of London widows to the death of their husbandsp 444-67 Parkes, C. M. 0033-2747 Journal Articleo Psychiatry&Adult Affect Affective Symptoms/epidemiology Aged Anger Death Demography Dreams Eating Disorders Family Characteristics Female *Grief Guilt Human Identification (Psychology) Marriage Middle Aged Psychological Tests Set (Psychology) Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Time FactorsWjdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=5275840 Parkinson, J. 1817$An Essay on the Shaking Palsy London Sherwood, Neely and JonesnPavlov, Ivan P.o 1927xqConditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex (G. V. Anrep, Trans.)Pippard, J. Ellam, L. 19812,Electroconvulsive treatment in Great Britain$British Journal of Psychiatryn 139h 563-8 Decn7332864eAnesthesia, General Attitude of Health Personnel *Electroconvulsive Therapy/manpower Female Great Britain Health Facilities Human Informed Consent Male Middle Aged Prospective Studiesr 0007-1250 Journal Articlewjdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7332864Rogers, Carl R.\ 19464.Significant aspects of client-centered therapyAmerican Psychologist1415-422 | " & 4.Bandura, Albert Ross, Dorothea Ross, Sheila A. 1961HBTransmission of aggressions through imitation of aggressive models0)Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychologye63575-5824.http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Bandura/bobo.htm82Barraclough, B. Bunch, J. Nelson, B. Sainsbury, P. 19742,A hundred cases of suicide: clinical aspects$British Journal of Psychiatryv 125 355-73 Oct4425774HAAdolescent Adult Age Factors Aged Alcoholism/epidemiology/therapy Depression/epidemiology/therapy England Family Characteristics Female Human Male Marriage Mental Disorders/genetics Middle Aged Personality Disorders Phobic Disorders Schizophrenia/epidemiology Sex Factors Substance-Related Disorders *Suicide Time Factors 0007-1250 Journal Articlejdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4425774@9Beck, A.T. Ward, C. H. Mendelson, M. Mock, J. Erbaugh, J. 1961,%An inventory for measuring depression$Archives of General Psychiatry4t561-571c Broca, Paul 1861xrRemarques sur le sige de la facult du langage articul, suivies d'une observation d'aphmie (perte de la parole)(!Bulletin de la Socit Anatomique;6330-35781http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Broca/aphemie-e.htmW:3Brown, G. W. Sklair, F. Harris, T. O. Birley, J. L.d 1973JDLife-events and psychiatric disorders. 1. Some methodological issuesPsychological Medicine3 1{ 74-87 Febf4692493Adolescent Adult Aged Depression/etiology Epidemiologic Methods Female Hospitalization Human Interview, Psychological London Male Memory Mental Disorders/*etiology Middle Aged Research Design Schizophrenia/etiology *Social Behavior Social Environment *Stress, Psychological 0033-2917 Journal Articlejdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4692493B;Burns, T. Beadsmoore, A. Bhat, A. V. Oliver, A. Mathers, C.d 1993b[A controlled trial of home-based acute psychiatric services. I: Clinical and social outcome $British Journal of Psychiatry 163[ 49-54[ Jul8353699Adolescent Adult Aged *Commitment of Mentally Ill *Community Mental Health Services Comparative Study Comprehensive Health Care Female *Home Care Services Human London Male Mental Disorders/psychology/*therapy Middle Aged Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care) *Patient Care Team Patient Satisfaction Personality Assessment Psychiatric Status Rating Scales *Social Adjustment Suburban Population Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Urban PopulationzsWhile research has shown community-based psychiatric care to be as good as, or better than, hospital-based care, generalisation to clinical practice has been difficult. This prospective, randomised controlled study examined a community-based approach feasible within NHS conditions. Ninety-four patients were randomly allocated to experimental and 78 to control treatments and followed for one year. The groups were well matched apart from an excess of psychotic control patients. No differences in clinical or social functioning outcome were found. Both groups improved substantially on clinical measures in the first six weeks, with some slow consolidation thereafter. There were three suicides in the control group and one in the experimental group. Access to care was better in the experimental group (93% attended assessment) than in the control group (75% attended assessment).sJD0007-1250 Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trialjdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=8353699'2,St George's Hospital Medical School, London.Cade, J. F. J. 1949<6Lithium Salts in the Treatment of Psychotic Excitement"Medical Journal of Australia2m349-352h.'Capgras, J. M. J. Reboul-Lachaux, Jeann 1923B8Depressive Disorder/*diagnosis/psychology/therapy Human Personality Inventory Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Recurrence Reproducibility of Results *Research Design/standards/statistics & numerical data Severity of Illness Index Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. *Terminology Treatment OutcomeIn 1988, the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on the Psychobiology of Depression convened a task force to examine the ways in which change points in the course of depressive illness had been described and the extent to which inconsistency in these descriptions might be impeding research on this disorder. We found considerable inconsistency across and even within research reports and concluded that research on depressive illness would be well served by greater consistency in the definition change points in the course of illness. We propose an internally consistent, empirically defined conceptual scheme for the terms remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence. In addition, we propose tentative operational criteria for each term. Finally, we discuss ways to assess the usefulness of such operational criteria through reanalysis of existing data and the design and conduct of new experiments.t("92028253 0003-990x Journal Articlejdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1929776'PJDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA.F@Greenberg, P. E. Stiglin, L. E. Finkelstein, S. N. Berndt, E. R.,%Depression: a neglected major illness see comments$Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 19935411 419-24BACKGROUND: To illustrate the burden depression imposes on society, we present estimates of the annual costs of depression--$44 billion--as well as the number of individuals it affects per year--almost 11 million. Although these estimates point to depression as a major illness, this study examines why it is not generally considered as such by the medical and public health communities or by society at large. METHOD: We develop a framework that compares depression with major illnesses such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and AIDS by highlighting salient characteristics of each illness. This comparative illness framework considers the costs, prevalence, distribution of sufferers, mortality, recognition, and treatability of each disease. This comparison underscores many of the similarities and differences among the illnesses examined. RESULTS: Because depression often is not properly recognized and begins to affect many people at a relatively early age, it exacts costs over a longer period of time and in a more subtle manner than other major illnesses. It also imposes a particularly heavy burden on employers in the form of higher workplace costs. CONCLUSION: We conclude that, because of the potential for successful treatment, increased attempts to reach untreated sufferers of depression appear to be warranted. Employers as a group have a particular incentive to invest in the recognition and treatment of this widespread problem, in order to reduce the substantial costs it imposes upon them each year.dzGreenberg, P. E. Sisitsky, T. Kessler, R. C. Finkelstein, S. N. Berndt, E. R. Davidson, J. R. Ballenger, J. C. Fyer, A. J. 1999<5The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s$Journal of Clinical Psychiatry607 427-35BACKGROUND: We assess the annual economic burden of anxiety disorders in the United States from a societal perspective. METHOD: Using data from the National Comorbidity Study, we applied multivariate regression techniques to calculate the costs associated with anxiety disorders, after adjusting for demographic characteristics and the presence of comorbid psychiatric conditions. Based on additional data, in part from a large managed care organization, we estimated a human capital model of the societal cost of anxiety disorders. RESULTS: We estimated the annual cost of anxiety disorders to be approximately $42.3 billion in 1990 in the United States, or $1542 per sufferer. This comprises $23.0 billion (or 54% of the total cost) in nonpsychiatric medical treatment costs, S13.3 billion (31%) in psychiatric treatment costs, $4.1 billion (10%) in indirect workplace costs, $1.2 billion (3%) in mortality costs, and $0.8 billion (2%) in prescription pharmaceutical costs. Of the $256 in workplace costs per anxious worker, 88% is attributable to lost productivity while at work as opposed to absenteeism. Posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder are the anxiety disorders found to have the highest rates of service use. Other than simple phobia, all anxiety disorders analyzed are associated with impairment in workplace performance. CONCLUSION: Anxiety disorders impose a substantial cost on society, much of which may be avoidable with more widespread awareness, recognition, and appropriate early intervention.n Hamilton, M. 19590*The assessment of anxiety states by rating,%British Journal of Medical Psychologyt32 50-555 Hamilton, M. 1960$A rating scale for depression482Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry23 56-62r Harlow, J. M. 1848.'Passage of an iron rod through the head *#Boston Medical and Surgical Journalr39389-3934.The first description of Phineas Gage's injuryHarlow, Harry F  1958The nature of loveAmerican Psychologistt13573-685e4-http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Harlow/love.htmnJames, William 1884What is an emotion?e Mind9y188-2056/http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/emotion.htmr'l0$ Sisitsky, T. Department of Health,  1999{Safety First: Five-Year Report of the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illnesst London Department of Health"Endicott, J. Spitzer, R. L.q 1978TNA diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia$Archives of General Psychiatry357 837-44 Jul 678037Bipolar Disorder/*diagnosis Human Interview, Psychological/*methods Psychopathology Schizophrenia/*diagnosis Social Adjustment Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) was developed to reduce information variance in both the descriptive and diagnostic evaluation of a subject. The SADS is unique among rating scales in that it provides for (1) a detailed description of the features of the current episodes of illness when they were at their most severe; (2) a description of the level of severity of manifestations of major dimensions of psychopathology during the week preceding the evaluation, which can then be used as a measure of change; (3) a progression of questions and criteria, which provides information for making diagnoses; and (4) a detailed description of past psychopathology and functioning relevant to an evaluation of diagnosis, prognosis, and overall severity of disturbance. This article reports on initial scale development and reliability studies of the items and the scale scores.y("78234518 0003-990x Journal Articlejchttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=678037*#Festinger, Leon Carlsmith, James M.} 19592+Cognitive consequences of forced compliancep0)Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychologyc58203-210t81http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Festinger/index.htm4-Folstein, M. F. Folstein, S. E. McHugh, P. R.d 1975le"Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinicianc&Journal of Psychiatric ResearchI123z 189-98 Nov1202204SAdult Affective Symptoms/diagnosis Aged Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis *Cognition Cognition Disorders/etiology Craniocerebral Trauma/complications Dementia/diagnosis Depression/diagnosis Diagnosis, Differential Female Human Male Mental Disorders/*diagnosis *Mental Status Schedule Metabolic Diseases/complications Middle Age Neurotic Disorders/diagnosis *Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Schizophrenia/diagnosis Substance-Related Disorders/complications Time Factors("76071605 0022-3956 Journal Articlejdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1202204P2/r t 62160 2a 7992 1976 Oct 30RKCerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia  924-6aZSBy comparison with age-matched controls in employment, 17 institutionalised schizophrenic patients were shown by computerised axial tomography of the brain to have increased cerebral ventricular size. Within the group of schizophrenic patients increased ventricular size was highly significantly related to indices of cognitive impairment.iF?Johnstone, E. C. Crow, T. J. Frith, C. D. Husband, J. Kreel, L.r 0140-6736 Journal Articler LancetAdult Aged *Cerebral Ventricles/anatomy & histology Chronic Disease Cognition Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology Human Hypertrophy/complications/radiography Male Middle Aged Schizophrenia/*complications/diagnosis Tomography, X-Ray Computedhbhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=621604-Kane, J. Honigfeld, G. Singer, J. Meltzer, H.J 1988hbClozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine$Archives of General Psychiatry459 789-96 Sep^3046553/XQAdult Chlorpromazine/adverse effects/therapeutic use Clinical Trials Clozapine/adverse effects/*therapeutic use Comparative Study Dibenzazepines/*therapeutic use Double-Blind Method Female Haloperidol/therapeutic use Human Male Middle Aged Random Allocation Schizophrenia/*drug therapy Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.The treatment of schizophrenic patients who fail to respond to adequate trials of neuroleptics is a major challenge. Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, has long been of scientific interest, but its clinical development has been delayed because of an associated risk of agranulocytosis. This report describes a multicenter clinical trial to assess clozapine's efficacy in the treatment of patients who are refractory to neuroleptics. DSM-III schizophrenics who had failed to respond to at least three different neuroleptics underwent a prospective, single-blind trial of haloperidol (mean dosage, 61 +/- 14 mg/d) for six weeks. Patients whose condition remained unimproved were then randomly assigned, in a double-blind manner, to clozapine (up to 900 mg/d) or chlorpromazine (up to 1800 mg/d) for six weeks. Two hundred sixty-eight patients were entered in the double-blind comparison. When a priori criteria were used, 30% of the clozapine-treated patients were categorized as responders compared with 4% of chlorpromazine-treated patients. Clozapine produced significantly greater improvement on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale, and Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation; this improvement included "negative" as well as positive symptom areas. Although no cases of agranulocytosis occurred during this relatively brief study, in our view, the apparently increased comparative risk requires that the use of clozapine be limited to selected treatment-resistant patients.JD0003-990x Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trialjdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=3046553'jdDepartment of Psychiatry, Hillside Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Glen Oaks, NY 11004.*#Kay, S.R. Fiszbein, A. Opler, L.A. 1987HBThe positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophreniaSchizophrenia Bulletin132t 261-76F?The variable results of positive-negative research with schizophrenics underscore the importance of well-characterized, standardized measurement techniques. We report on the development and initial standardization of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for typological and dimensional assessment. Based on two established psychiatric rating systems, the 30-item PANSS was conceived as an operationalized, drug-sensitive instrument that provides balanced representation of positive and negative symptoms and gauges their relationship to one another and to global psychopathology. It thus constitutes four scales measuring positive and negative syndromes, their differential, and general severity of illness. Study of 101 schizophrenics found the four scales to be normally distributed and supported their reliability and stability. Positive and negative scores were inversely correlated once their common association with general psychopathology was extracted, suggesting that they represent mutually exclusive constructs. Review of five studies involving the PANSS provided evidence of its criterion-related validity with antecedent, genealogical, and concurrent measures, its predictive validity, its drug sensitivity, and its utility for both typological and dimensional assessment. PMID: 3616518 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]vphttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=npg&cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3616518&dopt=Abstract Kline, N.S. 19586/Clinical experiences with iproniazid (marsalid):4Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology19 72-78\ Koffka, Kurt 192282Perception: An introduction to the Gestalt-theoriePsychological Bulletin19531-585hD>http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Koffka/Perception/perception.htmKuhn, R. 1958PJThe treatment of depressive states with G 22355 (imipramine hydrochloride)$American Journal of Psychiatry 115a5\ 459-64 Nov}13583250 0002-953x Journal Articlelehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=13583250e 4f! p-,+ X7Leff, J. P. Wing, J. K., 19714-Trial of maintenance therapy in schizophreniatBritish Medical Journal3 775599-604Maslow, Abraham H. 1943"A theory of human motivationPsychological Review50370-396n:3http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htmn 699452h 8033 1977 Aug 13B;Munchausen syndrome by proxy. The hinterland of child abuser 343-5i.(Some patients consistently produce false stories and fabricate evidence, so causing themselves needless hospital investigations and operations. Here are described parents who, by falsification, caused their children innumerable harmful hospital procedures--a sort of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Meadow, R.,&0140-6736 Case Reports Journal Article LancetChild *Child Abuse Deception Female Hematuria/diagnosis Human Hypernatremia/chemically induced/diagnosis *Mother-Child Relations *Munchausen Syndrome Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage/adverse effects Urinary Tract Infections/diagnosishbhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=69945"Montgomery, S. A. Asberg, M. 1979@9A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to changes$British Journal of Psychiatryv 134g 382-9 Apr 444788Adolescent Adult Aged Amitriptyline/therapeutic use Clomipramine/therapeutic use Comparative Study Depression/drug therapy/*psychology England Female Human Male Maprotiline/therapeutic use Mianserin/therapeutic use Middle Age *Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Psychometrics Swedenf`The construction of a depression rating scale designed to be particularly sensitive to treatment effects is described. Ratings of 54 English and 52 Swedish patients on a 65 item comprehensive psychopathology scale were used to identify the 17 most commonly occurring symptoms in primary depressive illness in the combined sample. Ratings on these 17 items for 64 patients participating in studies of four different antidepressant drugs were used to create a depression scale consisting of the 10 items which showed the largest changes with treatment and the highest correlation to overall change. The inner-rater reliability of the new depression scale was high. Scores on the scale correlated significantly with scores on a standard rating scale for depression, the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS), indicating its validity as a general severity estimate. Its capacity to differentiate between responders and non-responders to antidepressant treatment was better than the HRS, indicating greater sensitivity to change. The practical and ethical implications in terms of smaller sample sizes in clinical trials are discussed.("79188470 0007-1250 Journal Articlejchttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=444788*$National Institute of Mental Health, 1970& CGI: Clinical Global Impressions Guy, W. Bonato, R. R.t.'Manual for the ECDEU Assessment Battery *#National Institute of Mental Health217-222z Chevy Chase2"Overall, J. E. Gorham, D. R. 1962("The Brief Psychiatric Rating ScalePsychological Reportss10799-812r52758403341 1970 NovdzsThe first year of bereavement. A longitudinal study of the reaction of London widows to the death of their husbandsp 444-67 Parkes, C. M. 0033-2747 Journal Articleo Psychiatry&Adult Affect Affective Symptoms/epidemiology Aged Anger Death Demography Dreams Eating Disorders Family Characteristics Female *Grief Guilt Human Identification (Psychology) Marriage Middle Aged Psychological Tests Set (Psychology) Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Time FactorsWjdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=5275840 Parkinson, J. 1817$An Essay on the Shaking Palsy London Sherwood, Neely and JonesnPavlov, Ivan P.o 1927xqConditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex (G. V. Anrep, Trans.)Pippard, J. Ellam, L. 19812,Electroconvulsive treatment in Great Britain$British Journal of Psychiatryn 139h 563-8 Decn7332864eAnesthesia, General Attitude of Health Personnel *Electroconvulsive Therapy/manpower Female Great Britain Health Facilities Human Informed Consent Male Middle Aged Prospective Studiesr 0007-1250 Journal Articlewjdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=7332864Rogers, Carl R.\ 19464.Significant aspects of client-centered therapyAmerican Psychologist1415-422 Russell, G.. 1979>7Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosalPsychological Medicine9f3e 429-48Thirty patients were selected for a prospective study according to two criteria: (i) an irresistible urge to overeat (bulimia nervosa), followed by self-induced vomiting or purging; (ii) a morbid fear of becoming fat. The majority of the patients had a previous history of true or cryptic anorexia nervosa. Self-induced vomiting and purging are secondary devices used by the patients to counteract the effects of overeating and prevent a gain in weight. These devices are dangerous for they are habit-forming and lead to potassium loss and other physical complications. In common with true anorexia nervosa, the patients were determined to keep their weight below a self-imposed threshold. Its level was set below the patient's healthy weight, defined as the weight reached before the onset of the eating disorder. In contrast with true anorexia nervosa, the patients tended to be heavier, more active sexually, and more likely to menstruate regularly and remain fertile. Depressive symptoms were often severe and distressing and led to a high risk of suicide. A theoretical model is described to emphasize the interdependence of the various symptoms and the role of self-perpetuating mechanisms in the maintenance of the disorder. The main aims of treatment are (i) to interrupt the vicious circle of overeating and self-induced vomiting (or purging), (ii) to persuade the patients to accept a higher weight. Prognosis appears less favourable than in uncomplicated anorexia nervosa.a'l06 n3$ Department of Health,  1999{Safety First: Five-Year Report of the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illnesst London Department of HealthEdwards, G. Gross, M. M. 1976HBAlcohol dependence: provisional description of a clinical syndromeBritish Medical Journala1o 60171058-61 ReviewElkin, I. Shea, M. T. Watkins, J. T. Imber, S. D. Sotsky, S. M. Collins, J. F. Glass, D. R. Pilkonis, P. A. Leber, W. R. Docherty, J. P. et al., 1989National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. General effectiveness of treatments$Archives of General Psychiatry4611971-82; discussion 983 We investigated the effectiveness of two brief psychotherapies, interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive behavior therapy, for the treatment of outpatients with major depression disorder diagnosed by Research Diagnostic Criteria. Two hundred fifty patients were randomly assigned to one of four 16-week treatment conditions: interpersonal psychotherapy, cognitive behavior therapy, imipramine hydrochloride plus clinical management (as a standard reference treatment), and placebo plus clinical management. Patients in all treatments showed significant reduction in depressive symptoms and improvement in functioning over the course of treatment. There was a consistent ordering of treatments at termination, with imipramine plus clinical management generally doing best, placebo plus clinical management worst, and the two psychotherapies in between but generally closer to imipramine plus clinical management. In analyses carried out on the total samples without regard to initial severity of illness (the primary analyses), there was no evidence of greater effectiveness of one of the psychotherapies as compared with the other and no evidence that either of the psychotherapies was significantly less effective than the standard reference treatment, imipramine plus clinical management. Comparing each of the psychotherapies with the placebo plus clinical management condition, there was limited evidence of the specific effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy and none for cognitive behavior therapy. Superior recovery rates were found for both interpersonal psychotherapy and imipramine plus clinical management, as compared with placebo plus clinical management. On mean scores, however, there were few significant differences in effectiveness among the four treatments in the primary analyses. Secondary analyses, in which patients were dichotomized on initial level of severity of depressive symptoms and impairment of functioning, helped to explain the relative lack of significant findings in the primary analyses. Significant differences among treatments were present only for the subgroup of patients who were more severely depressed and functionally impaired; here, there was some evidence of the effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy with these patients and strong evidence of the effectiveness of imipramine plus clinical management. In contrast, there were no significant differences among treatments, including placebo plus clinical management, for the less severely depressed and functionally impaired patients."Endicott, J. Spitzer, R. L.q 1978TNA diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia$Archives of General Psychiatry357 837-44 Jul 678037Bipolar Disorder/*diagnosis Human Interview, Psychological/*methods Psychopathology Schizophrenia/*diagnosis Social Adjustment Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) was developed to reduce information variance in both the descriptive and diagnostic evaluation of a subject. The SADS is unique among rating scales in that it provides for (1) a detailed description of the features of the current episodes of illness when they were at their most severe; (2) a description of the level of severity of manifestations of major dimensions of psychopathology during the week preceding the evaluation, which can then be used as a measure of change; (3) a progression of questions and criteria, which provides information for making diagnoses; and (4) a detailed description of past psychopathology and functioning relevant to an evaluation of diagnosis, prognosis, and overall severity of disturbance. This article reports on initial scale development and reliability studies of the items and the scale scores.y("78234518 0003-990x Journal Articlejchttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=678037*#Festinger, Leon Carlsmith, James M.} 19592+Cognitive consequences of forced compliancep0)Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychologyc58203-210t81http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Festinger/index.htm4-Folstein, M. F. Folstein, S. E. McHugh, P. R.d 1975le"Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinicianc&Journal of Psychiatric ResearchI123z 189-98 Nov1202204SAdult Affective Symptoms/diagnosis Aged Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis *Cognition Cognition Disorders/etiology Craniocerebral Trauma/complications Dementia/diagnosis Depression/diagnosis Diagnosis, Differential Female Human Male Mental Disorders/*diagnosis *Mental Status Schedule Metabolic Diseases/complications Middle Age Neurotic Disorders/diagnosis *Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Schizophrenia/diagnosis Substance-Related Disorders/complications Time Factors("76071605 0022-3956 Journal Articlejdhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1202204